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Environmental testing and non-destructive failure analysis technology

4.Types of non-destructive test

Table 1 Examples of non-destructive test equipment

Name		Cost	Usability	Applications, other
1	Microscope(optical microscope)	Relatively inexpensive	Easy to use	Having a monitor is a plus. Even better if dimensions can be measured on the monitor.
2	Metallurgical microscope	Relatively inexpensive	Easy to use	Same as above
3	Scanning acoustic (ultrasonic) microscope (SAM)	Expensive	Relatively difficult to use	Can be used to see internal defects (e.g., voids, cracking, contamination) and interface conditions
4	Scanning electron microscope	Expensive	Relatively easy to use	High magnification photographs (particularly, above 1000 x )
5	Ultrasonic flaw detector (SAT)	Relatively inexpensive	Easy to use	Same as above
6	Soft x-ray apparatus	Expensive	Easy to use	Same as above
7	Ultraviolet flaw detector	Inexpensive	Easy to use	Minute surface cracking, pitting, or flaws
8	Red check	Inexpensive	Easy to use	Same as above
9	Calipers, micrometer	Inexpensive	Easy to use	Checking dimensions and thickness
10	Multimeter	Relatively inexpensive	Easy to use	E.g., watts, resistance, and current
11	Thermography	Expensive	Relatively easy to use	Measuring abnormal surface temperature distribution
12	Magnifying lens (5 x or less)	Extremely inexpensive	Easy to use	Overall external observation
13	Magnets, lighters, and so on	Extremely inexpensive	Easy to use	Checking whether magnetic, whether easily flammable, whether heat resistant
14	Precision cross-section cutter	Medium price	Easy to use	Cutting cross sections of materials and parts
15	Resin filler	Extremely inexpensive	Easy to use	Resin filling of items such as cross-sectioned parts and materials, and for resin filling before cross-sectioning
16	Polisher	Medium price	Easy to use	Polishing resin filled items and inspection items
17	Temperature and humidity chamber	Medium price	Easy to use	Specimen reproducibility testing
18	Ultrasonic cleaner	Comparatively inexpensive	Easy to use	Washing specimens
19	Close-up photography equipment	Medium price	Easy to use	Photographs of specimens from every angle for analysis and evidence
20	Thermocouple thermometer and digital thermometer	Comparatively inexpensive	Easy to use	Measuring temperature and measuring temperature rise

Adding the latest equipment to the above yields dozens of types with prices ranging from several hundred thousand yen to tens of millions of yen.
In internal inspection, equipment such as soft x-ray apparatus is easy to use and has a wide range of appli-cations, and so is widely used. With the acquisition of experience comes the ability to spot specific failure sites and guess the general source of the problem without spending any money.

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